Swann Che, Music 1 (Gymnopedies), 2010. 사운드와 이미지는 청각과 시각이라는 전혀 다른 시스템을 통해 인식되지만 그 의미를 해석할 때 서로 영향을 끼치는 경우가 많다. 음악을 들을 때 시각적 상상을 통해 음악적 의미를 파악하기도 하며 시선의 경계를 벗어난 공간에 대해서는 소리를 통해 시각적 이미지를 구성한다. 사운드와 이미지가 서로 간섭 혹은 조응하는 것에 대해 어떤 과학자들은 시각을 처리하는 뇌의 부분과 청각을 처리하는 부분이 인접해 있기 때문이라고도 말한다. 하나의 자극이 다른 감각을 동시에 활성화시킨다는 것인데 이는 공감각(Synesthesia)을 설명하는 근거가 되기도 한다. 시각과 청각이 생리적인 연결 고리를 가지고 있다는 공감각에 대한 이 주장은 여전히 논란의 여지가 있지만, 음악을 듣거나 이미지를 볼 때 다른 감각을 통한 경험이 동반되는 것은 그다지 특별한 경우는 아닐 것이다. 악보는 음악적 정보를 전달하기 위한 가장 중요한 커뮤니케이션 수단이다. 현재까지 주로 사용되고 있는 서양 음악 기보법은 9세기경 종교 음악을 보전할 목적으로 수도사들에 의해 고안되었다. 그리고, 흔히 클래식 음악 시대(common practice period)라고 불리는 바로크, 고전, 낭만 시대를 거치면서 기보법은 보편적이고 체계적인 음악 언어가 되었다. 악보는 작곡가와 연주자 간의 대화를 위한 중요한 수단이자 음악을 분석하고 이해하기 위한 중요한 자료였으며, 음악가들은 복잡한 음악적 정보들이 악보를 통해 완벽하게 기호화될 수 있을 거라고 여겼다. 하지만 20세기 초 예술의 전분야에 걸쳐 영향을 끼친 아방가르드 운동은 새로운 음악 언어, 음악 시스템에 대한 요구로 이어졌다. 이 글에서는 그래픽 악보(graphic notation)를 중심으로 낭만주의 이후 미술과 음악의 역사에 나타나는 사운드와 이미지의 관계에 대한 실험들을 따라가 보고자 한다. 미술 속의 음악: 낭만주의에서 바우하우스까지 “음악이 이미 18세기말에 실현한 것을 미술에서는 이제 겨우 시작하려고 한다. 수학과 물리학은 명확하게 관찰할 수 있는 규칙의 형태로 미술가들이 나아가야 할 길을 제시해주고 있다. (Paul Klee, 1928)” 시각 예술에서 음악에 대한 관심이 본격적으로 나타나기 시작한 시기는 낭만주의 시대이다. 낭만주의 화가인 룽게(Philipp Otto Runge, 1777-1810)는 음악을 모든 예술의 기본이 되는 가장 순수한 형태라고 생각하고, 푸가, 교향곡과 같은 음악적 구조를 그림 속에 담아내려고 했다. 슈빈트(Moritz von Schwind, 1804-71)의 경우 <Cat Symphony>라는 그림을 통해 시각적 상상력을 기보 시스템으로 표현하였다. 그는 이 작품에서 음표 대신 고양이를 사용하였는데 고양이의 동작과 움직임으로 음악적 리듬과 정서를 나타내었다. 전통적인 서양의 기보법이 제대로 다루지 못하는 음색 정보를 슈빈트는 고양이를 사용하여 장난스럽게 표현하였는데 이는 20세기 이후 등장하는 새로운 기보법에 대한 예고였을지도 모르겠다.
Wassily Kandinsky, Composition 7, 1913.
Paul Klee, Polyphon gefasstes Weiss, 1930. 칸딘스키(Wassily Kandinski, 1866-1944), 클레(Paul Klee, 1879-1940)와 같은 바우하우스(Bauhaus) 예술가들은 시각 언어의 체계화를 위해 음악이 기본 틀을 제공해 줄 수 있을 거라고 생각하였다. 칸딘스키는 음악의 추상성이 청자에게 상상과 해석의 자유를 준다고 믿었고, 시각의 세계에 고도로 추상화된 음악 언어를 적용하려고 노력하였다. 칸딘스키는 바그너, 스크리아빈(Aleksander Scriabin, 1872-1915), 쇤베르크(Arnold Schonberg, 1874-1951)의 음악에 많은 영향을 받았는데 특히 쇤베르크는 칸딘스키의 <Compositions> 시리즈의 형태와 색의 결정에 영향을 주었다. 클레는 음악 선생님인 아버지와 가수인 어머니 밑에서 자랐으며 그 자신도 어려서부터 바이올린 연주를 했다. 결국 미술가의 길을 선택하긴 했지만 여전히 음악으로부터 많은 영감을 받았고 음악가들과의 교류도 꾸준히 유지하였다. 클레는 미요(Darius Milhaud, 1892-1974), 쇤베르크 같은 당대의 현대음악가들과도 활발히 교류하였지만 그의 작품들은 주로 바하나 모차르트의 영향을 받았다. 클레는 음악적 아이디어를 미술 교육 이론에도 반영하여 다성(polyphony), 리듬과 같은 음악 개념을 자주 사용하였다. “추상화를 막는 중요한 장애물 중 하나가 과학적인 발견에 의해 제거되었다. 이 과학적 발견이란 원자를 더 쪼갤 수 있다는 사실이다. 나에게 원자의 분해는 세계의 분해와 같은 의미이다. 갑자기 가장 두터운 벽이 무너지고, 모든 것이 위태로와 보인다… 나는 내 눈 앞에서 돌이 갑자기 분해되어 사라진다고 해도 더 이상 놀라지 않을 것이다… 나에게 예술은 자연보다 더 큰 영역이었지만 이제 둘 다 독립적인 영역이란 걸 알게 되었다. (Wassily Kandinsky, 1913)”
Josef Albers, Fuge, 1925. |
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20세기의 음악 “예술 음악(클래식 음악)은 사운드의 순수함, 투명함과 아름다움을 추구하였다. 시간이 흐르면서 다양한 사운드들이 음악 속으로 녹아들었지만, 음악에서는 이 소리들을 조화롭게 사용하여 귀를 즐겁게 할 수 있도록 주의를 기울여야 했다. 현재의 음악은 불협화적이고 거친 사운드까지 받아들이며 더욱 풍부해지고 있다. 이렇게 우리는 점점 더 ‘노이즈-사운드’로 다가가고 있다… 이전의 음악적인 사운드들은 제한적인 음색으로 인해 그 표현이 다양할 수 없었다. 아주 복잡한 편성의 관현악단도 겨우 네다섯 가지 악기군으로 음색이 제한되어 있었다… 따라서 현대의 음악은 이 좁은 악기군 속에서 새로운 소리를 만들기 위해 공허한 투쟁을 하고 있다. 우리는 ‘노이즈-사운드’를 이용해서 이 제한된 사운드의 고리를 끊어야 한다. (Luigi Russolo, 1913)”
Balilla Pratella, Musica Futurista, 1910. (왼쪽) 루솔로(Luigi Russolo, 1885-1947)가 <미래주의 선언문(The Art of Noises) (1913)>을 발표할 즈음 바로크 시대부터 낭만 시대까지 탄탄하게 구축되어 오던 서양 음악의 전통은 크게 흔들리게 된다. 반음계, 불협화음, 무조성과 같이 기존 음악의 규칙을 거스르는 형식 뿐만 아니라 녹음기, 전자 악기와 같은 새로운 기술, 그리고 미래주의 음악가들의 주장과 같은 새로운 음악 사상들이 빠른 속도로 전파되었다. 특히 사운드와 관련된 테크놀로지의 발전은 음악의 창작 뿐만 아니라 배포, 소비 등 사운드와 관련된 문화의 전반적인 영역에 변화를 가져온다. 소음악기(Intonarumori)를 앞세운 루솔로의 음악적 실천은 대중적인 호응을 얻어내지는 못했지만 당시의 몇몇 중요한 예술가들에게 영향을 주게 된다. 이후 프랑스 작곡가 바레즈(Edgard Varèse, 1883-1965)는 음악을 “소리 구성(organized sound)”이라고 정의하였고, 케이지(John Cage, 1912-92)는 20세기 초 과학의 중요한 이슈들인 확률, 우연성(chance), 불확정성(indeterminacy) 등의 개념을 음악에 적용했을 뿐만 아니라 <4분 33초>에서는 마침내 ‘침묵(silence)’까지 음악의 구성 요소로 포함시켰다. 20세기 음악의 역사에서 새로운 사상의 등장만큼 중요한 역할을 한 것이 기술의 발전이다. 1877년 에디슨이 포노그라프(Phonograph)를 발명함으로서 인류는 드디어 시간과 공간을 뛰어넘는 청각적 경험을 할 수 있게 되었다. 녹음기가 발명되기 전까지 음악은 특정 시간, 특정 공간에서만 경험할 수 있었으며 구전 또는 악보를 통해 정보의 일부만이 전달될 수 있었던 것이다. 기보법의 역사와 그래픽 악보
Baude Bordier, Belle Bonne. 문자를 사용해 음악을 기록한 흔적은 그리스를 포함한 고대의 다양한 지역에서 발견되지만 10세기 전후로 체계적인 기보 시스템이 등장하기 전까지 음악은 대부분 구전되어 왔다. 보표를 사용한 기보법은 11세기경 이탈리아 베네딕트회 수도사였던 다레조(Guido d’Arezzo)에 의해 고안되었다. 다레조는 4선 보표에 네우마(neume)를 표시하는 방법을 사용하였는데, 이는 14세기에 등장하여 현재까지 사용되는 오선기보법의 기초가 되었다. 르네상스 초기에 보드 코르디에(Baude Cordier, 1380-1440년경)의 <Belle Bonne>와 같은 실험적인 시도들이 나타나기도 했지만, 20세기가 시작할 때까지도 작곡가들은 대부분 전통적인 선형 기보 시스템(오선기보법)을 수정할 필요를 느끼지 못했다. 그래픽 악보는 20세기의 다양한 음악 사상들 속에서 시각 예술의 영향을 받으며 등장하였다. 칸딘스키와 클레가 음악의 언어를 시각 예술에 적용하려고 했던 것처럼, 음악가들은 시각 예술의 원리를 그래픽 악보에 반영하였다. 그래픽 악보에 대한 실험들은 크게 두 가지 흐름으로 나눌 수 있는데, 개념적이고 주관적인 생각을 표현하기 위해 그래픽 악보를 사용하는 경우와 음악적 정보를 정확하게 나타내기 위한 경우이다. 전자는 음악에 다시 자유와 즉흥성을 불어넣으려고 하였고 후자는 음악 언어를 더욱 객관적이고 완벽하게 만들고자 하였다.
Earle Brown, Calder Piece, 1966. |
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많은 20세기의 작곡가들은 악보에 나타나는 시간의 선형성에 싫증을 느꼈고, 음악이 악보로서 기록, 보존되면서 본래의 즉흥성을 상당 부분 잃어버렸다고 생각하였다. 브라운(Earle Brown, 1926-2002)은 음악에 우연성, 즉흥성을 부여하는 “열린 형식(open form)” 또는 “동적 형식(mobile form)”이라는 개념을 사용하여 이를 극복하고자 하였다. “열린 형식”의 음악에서는 곡의 부분을 모듈화한 후 연주자가 즉흥적으로 재조합하여 연주할 수 있도록 하였다. 얼 브라운은 이 “열린 형식”을 반영한 그래픽 악보를 통해 클래식 음악에서 사라진 즉흥 연주 전통을 되살리고자 하였다. 하우벤슈탁-라마티(Roman Haubenstock-Ramati, 1919-94)의 <Mobile for Shakespeare>나 미니멀리즘 음악가인 테리 라일리(Terry Riley, 1935-)의 <In-C>에서도 이러한 “열린 형식”을 발견할 수 있다.
Cornelius Cardew, Treatise, 1963-67.
Karlheinz Stockhausen, Kontakte, 1958-60.
Georgy Ligeti, Artikulation, 1958. (Aural Score by Rainer Wehinger). 음렬주의(Serialism)의 전통을 이어받은 독일의 전자음악(Elektronische Musik)에서는 새로운 재료(오실레이터에서 만들어진 전자음과 같은)와 세분화된 음역대를 나타내기 위해 그래픽 악보를 고안하였다. 기존의 오선보표로는 음색에 대한 정보를 나타낼 수 없고 헤르츠(Hz) 단위로 사용되는 전자음의 음높이 또한 표기할 수 없었기 때문에 이 새로운 음악을 기록하기 위해 새로운 기보 시스템이 필요했던 것이다. 슈톡하우젠의 그래픽 악보는 해석의 자유도를 높이기 위한 것이 아니라 더 정확한 정보의 전달이 목표라고 할 수 있는데, 이는 90년대 이후 사운드의 물질성을 극단적으로 시각화하는 작품들로 이어진다. 그리고 디지털 테크놀로지의 급속한 발전과 함께 사운드와 이미지는 이제 디지털이라는 동일한 물질로 추상화가 가능한 것처럼 보이기도 한다. 물론 이것이 룽게, 바그너가 꿈꾸었던 그 예술의 통합인지는 알 수 없지만. “종이에 연필을 사용하여 손으로 그리는 것은 당연히 시각적 표현의 가장 자연스러운 방식이다. 하지만 디지털로 표현되는 세계에서는 연필과 종이가 아니라 계산(computation)이 가장 자연스러운 방식이다. (John Maeda, 2001)”
Andy Huntington and Drew Allan, Cylinder, 2003. |
[칼럼] 그래픽 악보: 사운드와 이미지의 언어
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최수환
사운드 아티스트. 커뮤니케이션 디자이너. 서울대학교 재료공학부를 졸업하고 한국예술종합학교 음악원에서 컴퓨터음악이론을 전공했다. 90년대 중반부터 포스트락/전자음악 밴드인 옐로우키친의 멤버로 활동하였고, LG전자 MC연구소, 한국예술종합학교 AT-Lab 에서 연구원으로 근무하였다.
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좋은글 감사…
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